Georg Simon Ohm :: essays research papers fc

Georg Simon Ohm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the time Georg Simon Ohm was born not much was known about electricity, he was out to change this. Georg grew up in Bavaria which is why most information about Georg is in German. There is even a College named after him: Georg-Simon-Ohm Fachhochschule Nuernberg. To much dismay not a whole lot has been written about him. Usually you will find a paragraph of the summary of his life. I hope to change this flaw in the history books by telling you as much as I could find on his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Georg was growing up his dad, owner of a prosperous locksmith business, wanted young Georg to study mathematics before joining the family business. Georg attended a Gymnasium, like a college, in Erlangen, Bavaria (now Germany) . During his time at this Gymnasium a professor noticed how he excelled in math. This professor's name was Karl Christian von Langsdorf, Georg owes this man much credit from his recommendations to others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After he graduated he took a job teaching mathematics at Erlangen University in 1805. He spent the next years looking for a better teaching position. He found what he was looking for in 1817 when a job was made available to him at Cologne Gymnasium. He now looked to research electrical current. In 1827 he published Die galvanishce Kette, mathematisch bearbeit (The Galvanic Circuit, Mathematically Treated). This was a mathematical description of conduction in circuits modeled after Fourier's study of heat conduction. This is also known as Ohm's Law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ohm's Law, which is Georg's greatest accomplishment, started as an experiment. The experiment's purpose was to find the relationship between current and the length of the wire carrying it. Ohm's results proved that as the wire increased the current decreased. Ohm came up with a formula to state these findings. It is V=IR, where as V=Voltage, I=Current, and R=Resistance. Ohm came up with a statement for this: current is equal to the tension (potential difference) divided by the overall resistance. Units of resistance, or ohms, are named after Georg Ohm. The inverse of resistance is conductance and it's units are mho, or Ohm's name spelled backwards. This is expressed as G=I/R or I=GV. That is conductance is equal to Current divided by resistance. Georg's work was under constant ridicule because it was experiment only and was irrelevant to a true understanding of nature. So he felt compelled to resign his job at Cologne. He continued his research after this time. After six years he got another teaching job at Nuremberg. He was recognized by the Royal Society of London for his work in the 1840s.

The Prohibition of Cigarettes

Writing 101 17February2011 The Prohibition of Cigarettes I thought about the question, â€Å"Should the manufacture of cigarettes be prohibited† and I don’t really believe that saying â€Å"yes† to this question would be of benefit to those who are pro cigarettes or against cigarettes. The question basically appears to make out that the manufacture of cigarettes, and only cigarettes, should be prohibited. There are many campaigns against the usage of cigarettes as we can see television commercials clearly stating that smoking causes cancer or attempting to deglamorize cigarettes.Many people have seen the surgeon general warning on a pack of cigarettes claiming that cigarettes can cause â€Å"lung cancer† or â€Å"emphysema. † In a study performed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the study shows that between the year 2000 and 2004 that about 443,000 people in the USA died from a variety of illnesses due to cigarette smoking (citatio n 1). This would certainly be a motivation and a convincing reason to halt the production of cigarettes but we should analyze this proposition more in depth.I believe that the term â€Å"cigarettes† is too narrow to solve any problems, as not everybody smokes cigarettes nor would the halted production of cigarettes solve any public health problems. Tobacco is a better term as it is much more broad and would include cigars, snuff, dip, and other forms of tobacco that contain nicotine. Nicotine is the suspect found in cigarettes that causes an addiction but nicotine can be found in the other forms of tobacco.Stopping production of â€Å"only cigarettes† simply means that current cigarette users may, switch to another nicotine source, quit smoking, or choosing an alternative nicotine source such as nicotine gum or the patch. Having been a tobacco user in the past, I know most certainly that many people will not just outright and quit. Prohibiting the manufacture of cigare ttes means that it will be illegal to produce cigarettes but how about the selling or the possession of these products?It will be necessary to outlaw these points of trade if the intended action is to meet with success because if selling and possession are legal then it will be difficult to regulate the circulation of cigarettes within the nation. Though the making of cigarettes are deemed illegal by the government, the creation of cigarettes will certainly not halt as now cigarettes are almost equivalent to that of the marijuana drug trade as there will probably be many people growing and producing cigarettes.The police cannot arrest these people for possession or selling of cigarettes and cannot obtain a justifiable clause to obtain a search warrant to prove that the person may be manufacturing cigarettes which is deemed illegal. One last point would be the idea that cigarettes can be grown in another country such as Canada or Mexico and brought through the border with no problems as possession is not illegal. There are actually quite a few positive reasons to keep the cigarette trade going rather than shutting production down.I have been around the world through my time in the navy and I have seen one of the most popular brands of cigarettes â€Å"Marlboro† just about everywhere that imports tobacco. Take note that I mentioned the term â€Å"import† as in those countries do not make â€Å"Marlboro† cigarettes in their own country. Marlboro is a popular brand of cigarettes made under Phillip Morris which is a subsidiary company to Altria incorporated. Marlboro, in itself, holds about 42% of retail shares of cigarettes in the USA (Citation 2).This is certainly an income to our nation and though I’m uncertain of how much is made through the exportation of cigarettes; it certainly has an effect on the economy which is currently in a depression. Have you ever looked around base and noticed those supposed â€Å"smoke pits† or a designated smoking area? Those â€Å"smoke pits† seem to be next to just about every building on base. Did you notice how many stores sell cigarettes or even the cigarette vending machines here in Japan? How about in movies? Doesn’t the popular stereotypical â€Å"Bad Ass† person in the movies usually smoke a cigarette?Even though direct advertisement through television or magazines is prohibited, cigarettes are still very popular and many people do smoke them and not just in America. The cigarette trade is most likely a very profitable trade based on it’s popularity and demand which would probably put it as a very valuable source of income for the United States. Based on the many cigarette brands I’ve seen from traveling the world, I’ve seen that cigarettes are quite likely a major export for the states as many f these brands are originate from the States. I personally do not deny of the risks caused by cigarette smoking and myself being an ex-smoker, I certainly do not encourage smoking but the plan of prohibiting â€Å"just† the manufacture of â€Å"only† cigarettes does not reflect the best interests of those that are for cigarettes or against cigarettes. Cigarettes are a form of tobacco and the halted production of only cigarettes means that a regular cigarette user will move to another source of nicotine rather than quit.I know personally that quitting is a long process (I still chew nicotine gum four months after quitting). Prohibiting the manufacture of cigarettes in the United States but allowing the sell or possession simply means it will be produced where it’s legal and the carried over through the US’s borders with no issues. We can’t deny that cigarettes are very popular worldwide and thus contribute to the United States economy as a popular export since many popular brands such as â€Å"Marlboro† are made in the United States.

News On Foreign News And Its Impact On Society s View On...

Thinking of a question related to news was difficult because I am a journalism major and news is a hot topic within my major. â€Å"News† is a very broad statement and can mean many different things. It also brings all kinds of questions to mind. Originally I went with a broad question that later turned into a very specific topic making the research much easier. My first question was, â€Å"How does news based in the United States effect societies views on other countries? How does foreign news affect their societies’ view on the United States?† By trying to find simple research on this through the MU Library, I was quick to find that in order to write a successful research paper it is vital to have a more specific question to get the answers you want. I was not finding specific research that included specific information on foreign news and its societal affects. After some struggles, one article popped out to me about news on foreign countries and their economy so I decided to look at how the positive and negative news written about a foreign country later effects that economy. My question then became, â€Å"How does an article written in a specific country affect the economy of a foreign nation?† For example, if a news program based in the United States were to write an article about China, how would that article truly affect the economy of China. It has been seen that news can change the perspective of the way people see the world and all that goes on among the economic leaders. ByShow MoreRelatedWhat Caused The Rise Of Protesters Throughout The 1960s? Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1960s in the United States of America was an era of protests. Americans from the 1960s era experienced social changes that caused Americans to revolt of the Establishment of the 1950s. Racial discrimination, gender equality, and poverty are certain specific of the problems that Americans sought the need to identify of what caused the rise of protesters throughout the 1960s. The youth generation from the era â€Å"baby boomers† were the causes for the determination for the 1960s. The parents of theRead MoreThe Historical Birth Of The Concept Of Foreign Policy In1527 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of Foreign Policy in the United States has had a very interesting start. During today s policymaking it may seem like we have our hand and every cookie jar. However, this was not how our nation initially started out. President Washington argued the great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is to have them as little political connection as possible (New Framework for Foreign Affairs, 2013) It would seem that the founders did not feel the need to have extensive foreign policiesRead MoreU.s. Relations Between The United States And Cuba843 Words   |  4 Pages In the recent months, the media has been in a frenzy with the topic of the new emerging relations evolving between the United States and Cuba. This new development, following merely years after Raul Castro was succeeded by his brother Fidel, prompted an inquiry. Why new relations now? Has there been a significant current event to prompt the end to a 50 year embargo? Is Cuba becoming more liberal? Or is the United States merely become more sensible? In essence, we are aiming to unearth the underlyingRead MoreThe 70s Are Not Totally Happy `` Days1667 Words   |  7 PagesRepublicanism. This strategy restrained Democrats from expanding the New Deal while stopping conservative Republicans from reversing popular programs such as Social Security. Correspondibly, no major reform actions emerged from a decade many would describe as politically dead. Perhaps freedom from controversy was the prize most American voters were seeking after World War II and the Korean War. The economy was booming , it helped shape the economic view of the 1950s. A rebuilding Europe was hungry for AmericanRead MoreThe Immigration Policy Institute ( Mpi )1361 Words   |  6 Pageslong term or even for a short period as a foreign worker, and to experience a different culture in another country.  Immigration is a crucial issue that the United States had faced for years because it brings impact to the country’s economy, population, workforce and many more.  The nation that Immigrants should be legal is a fasacinating one, and one that I believe in. â€Å"Per as the Migration Policy Institute(MPI), the number of immigrants in the United States has been increasing since the year 1970 toRead MoreSecession Of The Texas Economy966 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society with so many disagreements between the state and federal government going on the thought crosses some Texans minds about secession. The movement, headed by the Texas Nationalist Movement and the Tea Party, is seeki ng to remove the state from the union and institute Texas as a new country. Many questions arise over the topic of secession covering topics such as economy, currency, population, and if Texas would be helped or hurt by leaving the United States federal government behindRead MoreThe Official Definition Of Illegal Is â€Å"Contrary To Or Forbidden1517 Words   |  7 Pagespermanently in a foreign country†. Therefore Illegal Immigrants are foreigners who enter another country, the United States of America, without a Visa. They cross the border by avoiding inspection and overstay the allotted period of time allowed as a visitor, tourist, or businessperson. There are 12 million illegal immigrants in America today. How is the possible if it is illegal? And more importantly, why are they allowed to stay if they went against federal law? The United States claims to have safeRead MoreDomestic and Foreign Policies Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic and Foreign Policies Throughout our history, many policies have been made to deal with domestic or foreign issues or conflicts. One example of domestic policies were the reforms FDR created called the New Deal. An example of a foreign policy was that of containment used after WW2. In the 1930s our country and many others around the world went through a financial depression. The Depression was mostly attributed to the stock market crash in 1929. PresidentRead MoreRealism Is The Most Convincing Paradigm For International Relations? Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesINTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? Realism has dominated international relations theory since emerging in the 1930’s. The era of state conflict lasting from the 1930’s to the end of the cold war in 1947, proved the perfect hostile environment to fit the largely pessimistic view of world politics. While many aspects of realism are still alive in International Relations today; including the dominant presence of states, intrinsic of war and the decentralised government. However, realism only reaches so far in explainingRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Latin American Immigration on America1553 Words   |  7 Pages Immigration is the process of entry of individuals into a new country (23). Throughout past centuries, immigration has been a means of discovery and exploration of new lands. In today’s culture, immigration to the United States is an avenue for individuals who wish to start new lives and take advantage of the capitalistic, entrepreneurial system. People from many countries hav e migrated into the United States. Most recently, the migrants have come from Central and South American countries

Normal And Adam Pottles Analysis - 954 Words

‘Normal’ what does that mean? For many, this means fitting into the group and being the same as everyone else. In most groups ‘normal’, means having both legs and arms, being able to hear and see, not needing help in everyday tasks, like going to the washroom or getting dressed, drinking and eating. For people with disability, ‘normal’ is different, and changes from day to day depending on the tasks or how they are feeling that day, some need extra help, while others have learned to accomplish tasks by themselves. Through Jim Ferris’s poem â€Å"Normal† and Adam Pottles â€Å"Hearing Test† a different point of view is given for what is considered ‘normal’. â€Å"Normal† uses a simple baseball game to show how disability is affecting a child’s life, while†¦show more content†¦One in which that this child has not been able to play baseball before and is missing out on the magical experience at running around the bases in a race to home plate in order to score points for their team. Another, however, is that this individual has not been able to take part in love. With second base being a common name for sexual activities, this poem is able to show how a disability can affect ones’ life; not only changing ones every day but also changing the big moments of an individuals’ life. Likewise, Pottles uses the innocence of a childhood memory, a camping trip, to explain an interesting perspective on disability. Disability is shown through a young child who is not able to hear fully. Nonetheless, the mother does not take this to be a limiting disability ‘â€Å"That’s how you hear it. That’s your way.’† (14), she is able to show support and does not see her child, to be limited by their hearing. Through the support she offers, the child is comforted and feels at peace. This peace is an important part of any childhood in order to feel like they belong and are loved. This concept challenges what society considers normal, in the first stanza of â€Å"Hearing Test†, the line, â€Å"Since I couldn’t read their lips, it was all mumbling to me† (Pottle 4), shows us the first clue that this child is not able to hear fully. With hearing being a big part of daily life, this is considered to

The Effects Of Media On Society s Interpretation Of The...

LITERATURE REVIEW Mass media programs have influenced civilizations for decades. Radio, television, and social media all play apart in shaping society’s interpretation of the world around them, as well transmitting information that becomes a shared world view among large groups of people. Throughout the years, much research has been completed over how media affects society, and public opinion of the media and its effects has changed drastically over the years. One specific event that many people point at when discussing the power of media is Orson Welles’ infamous War of the World’s radio drama, which broadcasted the night before Halloween in 1938. It’s purported that the radio drama was so realistic and powerful that it led the public into a state of mass panic -- causing frenzied police calls, mass exodus, and suicide attempts before Orson Welles reassured his listeners that it was just a bit of Halloween fun. Much of the controversy that surrounds Welles’ program stems from the large amount of press it received after the event, as citizens shared their personal accounts of the harrowing night with journalists and local newspaper corporation. The morning after the broadcast, the New York Times was filled with the astounding tales shared by New Jersey and New York citizens illustrating the chaos that happened that night; police calls, tied phone lines, abandoned homes, pleas for help, and mass exodus were all just a portion of the chaos that supposedly occurred as Welles’Show MoreRelatedbullet theory7360 Words   |  30 Pagessince the 1920s to explain amp;ldquo;how mass audiences might react to mass media,amp;rdquo; reports Media Know All. According to University of Twent in the Netherlands, the theory states that mass media has a amp;ldquo;direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences. History Several factors, including widespread popularity of radio and television, led to this amp;ldquo;strong effectsamp;rdquo; theory of media influence. Also important were the new amp;ldquo;persuasion industriesamp;rdquo;Read MoreMonty Python And The Holy Grail 1975 Directed By Terry Gilliam And Terry Jones2247 Words   |  9 Pagesclassic among the comedy genre. But what made it so significant among other films during that era, and why is does it still stand the test of time? Classical films were originally considered more than just another form of entertainment. This form of media allowed artist to visually express their personal views through the big screen. Some film makers tend to lean more on either the avant-garde or political side of cinema to tell their story. Being able to utilize film techniques in the most sophisticatedRead MoreEssay about Soap Opera Genre2899 Words   |  12 PagesShow, UK, 31 December, 1989) The soap opera genre originated in American radio serials of th e 1930s, and owes the name to the sponsorship of some of these programs by major soap powder companies. Proctor and Gamble and other soap companies were the most common sponsors, and soon the genre of soap opera had been labeled. Like many television genres (e.g. news and quiz shows), the soap opera is a genre originally drawn from radio rather than film. Television soap operas are long-running serials traditionallyRead MoreNews Values3145 Words   |  13 PagesNews values are intrinsic standards adhered to by media professionals and organisations in an effort to produce news worthy of reporting. News values are based on a variety of ideals ranging from capitalism to ethics to entertainment. The way in which media is shaped is heavily reliant on the individual news providers implementation and handling of news values. News practices both globally and locally can be analysed alongside Galtung and Ruges (1974) twelve ‘news values and McGregors (2002)Read MoreRhetorical Analysis O f Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 Pagesdefinition, I’d say that what goes in my plays is realistic, but what I’m doing is not realism† (Pinter, Harold Pinter: Plays, 2 ix) Widely acknowledged as one of the great post-war generation dramatists, Harold Pinter’s fame rests on not only his popular dramas but also on his political activism which is rooted in his concern for people and their condition in realms which can be termed as social, professional or political. In fact it can be said that many of his works starting from the early comedies ofRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pagessecond chapter is types of advertising (consumer advertising, media of consumer advertising). In the third chapter we consider slogans, logos, types with tone and some thoughts of colour. In the fourth chapter we study advertising as a service. The fifth chapter includes new agencies such as newspapers, periodicals, radio, television. And also methods of advertising in the chapter of sixth (television, newspapers, brochures, direct mail, radio, internet and so on). In the seventh chapter it is consideredRead MoreElectronic Media vs Print (Thesis Pa per)13276 Words   |  54 PagesElectronic Media VS. Print Where America Gets Its News Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................†¦4 Premise Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Personal Limitation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................†¦5 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Section 1: Birth of Electronic Media and its Popularity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Radio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Humble Beginnings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......6 From Navigation toRead MoreA Research on Marketing Mix of Ntv International Television Channel Ltd2977 Words   |  12 Pagesprivate electronic media in Bangladesh until 1998 when the Awami League government allowed for the first time the operation of private television channel, Ekuskey Television (ETV). The country s first private and terrestrial TV channel ETV gained popularity for its style of news presentation. It was shut down after the High Court found its licensing process illegal, dealing a serious blow to the growth of private electronic journalism in Bangladesh. Sources close to the electronic media named a goodRead MoreThe Impact of Electronic Media on Performance of Students11847 Words   |  48 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The media, most especially television, mobile phone, internet, computer have gradually become a part of our daily lives, and sources of information, education and entertainment have been described as the primary functions of the media. Student at higher secondary level learnt more of media. There is three functions to the media: i. Surveillance of the Environment (the news function). ii. Correlation of the different parts of theRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Influence of the Pinoy Rap Battle â€Å"Fliptop† and Balagtasan to High School Students6886 Words   |  28 Pagesbalagtasan. The researcher wants to know the influence it to the high school students. This research study aims to promote and remind us of the role of culture and the arts of society. As observed by the researcher poetry is on the way to oblivion. It seems to have lost its rhythmic appeal to the youth. Lack of media support, only a few listeners are left to appreciate the poetic banter of balagtasan until the pinoy rap battle or â€Å"fliptop† came. Statement of the Problem This

The Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action Free Essays

The concept of affirmative action is found in a speech by President Kennedy when he was referring to the government’s responsibility to ensure that affirmative action was taken with regard to equal employment opportunities for individuals regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin. It is interesting that although President Kennedy pioneered the concept of affirmative action, it was President Lyndon Johnson who first applied this concept by taking steps to equalize the presence of individuals in government positions. President Johnson outlined that it was not enough to say that equal employment opportunities existed; it was the government’s responsibility to ensure that the positions not only existed, but were being filled by minorities in a commitment to cultural diversity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now Directives were put into place as part of this process that not only banned discrimination, but also offered incentives to government contractors who employed a culturally-diverse workforce. Some of the pros of affirmative action, therefore, include increased opportunities for cultural minority groups, such as legislation that strongly urged employers to select minority candidates and contractors (given that they met qualifying criteria) Numerous research studies have been conducted regarding the glass ceiling for women, as well as attempts to determine percentages of cultural identity in the white-collar professional positions (for example). Such studies have identified that there are more Caucasian males in positions of authority at a majority of companies. To rectify this, many agencies established affirmative action plans that were intended to encourage minority applicants, and thus enlarge the pool of qualified applicants from which to draw for available positions. The downside to this, however, was that the legislation that was designed to encourage minority employment fostered the discrimination it sought to eradicate. To weight any individual’s application due to demographic information (as cultural information is) results in basic discrimination. One cannot have both options available; either no-one is favored, or everyone is favored. To have two qualified individuals, and then to choose one based upon his or her cultural identity is at its heart discriminatory. At what point are professionals free to choose the best person for the job, without knowing the individual’s cultural identity? In the ideal world, individuals would be interviewed by telephone or by e-mail in such a way as to reveal no identifying information. This would enable the employer to make a decision solely upon an individual’s qualifications and experience for the position, as opposed to fulfilling a criterion for minority employees. This is not, however, practical at this point in time, and so employment rests in the hands of companies who have an ethical obligation to be equitable, if for no other reason. Weighting a decision based upon cultural identity only applies if there is no opportunity for a variety of individuals to apply for a given position. The issue remains, however, that the individuals still need to be qualified for a position. Unfortunately, for whatever reason, there are differing degrees of qualification. No one appreciates being a token employee, yet that is the standard that affirmative action laws have succeeded in achieving. It is ironic that anti-discrimination laws are themselves discriminatory. The concept of fairness and equity for all individuals, then, should apply regardless of cultural identity—not because the company has no racial representation. Even the act of gathering cultural information is discriminatory because that information is being used to discriminate against other well-qualified individuals. All professionals who hire new employees must consider how they can meet equity in employment without discrimination. How to cite The Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action, Essay examples

Epidemiology and Research Methods Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Epidemiology and Research Methods. Answer: Introduction The researchers have given an elaborate literature review to demonstrate their study motivation. A review of literature in a research study involves a critical summary of the studies that are related to the topic of interest, often developed to conceptualize a research study (Polit, 2016). They have begun by quoting studies to show the relationship between intake of anti-psychotic drugs and weight gain as well as obesity-induced conditions as heart diseases, which is adequate. They have clearly and concisely described about various studies to demonstrate the relationship between Clozapine and its effect on weight and obesity-caused disorders among schizophrenia patients. They have concentrated more on the association of Clozapine intake with cardio-vascular risks, which could be understood that the authors wanted to concentrate more on weight gain that is associated with cardiac disorders. The literatures included were relevant, recent and appropriate with correct in-text citations. Most of the studies are current yet few studies are very old to consider. Though the older studies are highly helpful to understand the underlying concepts as well as the effect of clopiazine in that period, it could increase the chance of bias in understanding the fundamental concepts, as science advances day by day (Tappen, 2010). They have mentioned a couple of studies to show the effect of diet control programs on the clozapine-treated schizophrenic patients, which showed contradictory results. This has motivated the researchers to conduct a randomized- controlled trial to determine the effect of regular physical-activities with dietary-control programs (6-month) on obese, schizophrenic in-patients those treated with clozapine. They have measured anthropometric with bio-chemical indices (triglycerides, cholesterol, serum-glucose, insulin levels, cortisol levels, prolactin levels, growth-hormone as well as IGF-1 IGFBP-3) at 3rd and 6th months. This shows that the researchers have described their views systematically, logically as well as sequentially in an unbiased way (Greenhalgh, 2010). They have demonstrated their insight into the problem by involving more suitable and comprehensive studies. Research Formulation The researchers have identified the study problem appropriately and have given the study statements as per PICOT framework (Population, Exposure/Intervention, Comparison/ Control Outcome). A study problem is defined as a perplexing condition that requires investigation by a disciplined inquiry (THS, 2015). The research text suggests that the researchers are interested in evaluating the effect of weight control program on cloziapine- treated schizophrenic patients; at risk for weight gain of at-least 4.45 kg as well as obesity- related risks. The authors have stated a clear and appropriate research- purpose to evaluate the effect of diet control plus exercise program on the outcomes of obese schizophrenic patients taking clozapine. The purpose of a study should agree with its problem and title (Fink, 2013) which is evident in this study. They have given a clear and an achievable objective as to evaluate the effect of diet control as well as physical activity regimen that is given for six- month period on the obese schizophrenic in-patients under clozapine. Hypothesis is an expected or predicted relationship between two variables (Polit, 2016). The researchers have not clearly stated their hypothesis yet it could be understood from the objectives. Sampling and sample size According to Greenhalgh (2010), the process of selecting the target population and the samples is highly critical in a research study. The target population involves a population group in which the authors are interested in collecting data and generalizing the results (Houser,2011). Their selection of target population of 753 hospitalized schizophrenia patients admitted from 2003 September to 2004 February is appropriate. They have selected the patients who were diagnosed as schizophrenia based on DSM-IV criteria particularly between 18 to 65 years of age. Sample is a subset of the population who are selected to represent the entire population (LoBiondo-Wood, 2014). According to Moule (2013), a sampling plan involves selecting samples appropriately with sampling technique. They have selected 56 samples based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They have randomly assigned 25 samples to control group and 28 samples to study (interventional) group (with 3 samples withdrawn from control group as they have discharged) which is adequate for a RCT trial. Yet, power analysis was not done to select an appropriate sample size. As given by Polit (2016), random sampling is a technique by which samples are selected in such a way of providing equal opportunity to all the members of target population being studied which could reduce bias and hence is highly appropriate. The researcher has given intervention of dietary control with physical activity regimen continuously for six- months to study group while no intervention to control group. Research design Research design is an overall plan that is framed to address the study hypothesis (Polit, 2016). In this study, the researcher has selected the most appropriate randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to address their research question. RCT also called as true- experimental research-design is a quantitative research that involves manipulating the experimental group with intervention (diet control plus physical activity); a control group (without intervention) as well as randomization by allocating samples to both the groups (control experimental group) in a random basis (Fink, 2013) and hence it is of higher value as compared to that of other quantitative studies. According to Yartsev (2017), this RCT design will help to draw comparison between two groups. As the researchers have adopted this design, they can appropriately compare the study group (with intervention) and control group (without intervention). Thus, the research design they have adapted is adequate and can provide the strongest evidence to practice in a psychiatric setting. Ethical issues Ethics are the system of standards that is concerned with the extent to which the study follows the professional, legal, ethical as well as societal aspects to the study participants (Polit, 2016). A researcher has to get ethical approval from an Ethical Committee before commencing (Tappen,2010). In this study, the researchers have carried- out the study in-accordance with the Helsinkis Declaration. Further, they got ethical approval from the Ethical Reviewing Committee of the Yu-Li Veterans Hospital. It is understood from the text that they have informed all the patients about the study and obtained written (informed) consent before proceeding. The ethical principles as beneficence, maleficience, autonomy, justice and respect (Houser, 2011) including right to withdrawal at any time without penalty is followed. Bias control Bias is any influence that affects the study results and undermines validity (Polit, 2016). Controlling bias plays a significant role in obtaining high evidenced data so as to be utilized undoubtedly in patient practice. The researchers should try to avoid the maximum possible bias to ensure the quality of finding (Houser, 2011). Similarly, the researchers of this study have tried to avoid bias by following few methods. The participants in this study have distorted behavior (lack of condor) which could affect the researchers from obtaining information. Hence, the researchers have intelligently measured only anthropometric, metabolic and enzyme assays to avoid bias. Researcher subjectivity that involves pre-judging the expected finding and communicating to participants, but it could not be possible as the patients had distorted behavior. In regard to sample imbalances (sample bias/ faulty samples), the researchers have meticulously avoided bias by adapting random sampling technique to give equal chance to every participants. Sometimes, faulty methods of data collection could create bias. In this study, they have collected anthropometric data by a single investigator and have followed the directions in labels of chemicals for tests done to avoid bias. But, they have mentioned about the validity of the chemicals they have used for various tests anywhere which may increase the chance of bias. There could be possible measurement bias during anthropometric measurements due to inappropriate measurement tapes and improper observation. They have used RCT trial to avoid bias by manipulation, keeping controls and randomizing. Validity of variables Confounding variables are the extraneous variables that affect the relationship between study variables and hence should be controlled (Polit, 2016). The use of biological measurements in this study requires controlling these variables to avoid bias. Blinding that involves masking the individuals those involved in the study from getting information about the samples, the intervention modalities and/or the study-investigators to reduce bias which is not done here (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2014). They could have blinded at-least the investigators to control confounding variables. They have not controlled confounding variables by blocking/stratifying, crossover or homogeneity but have controlled by adapting variance with covariance (ANCOVA) analysis. The scientific merit of a quantitative study is measured by assessing the reliability and validity of the study instruments. But, validity and reliability was not shown for the instruments in this study which questions the scientific merit of the study. In regard to internal validity, they have supported their findings with other studies to show that there is a causal association between exposure (diet control plus physical activity regimen) and outcome (reduced BMI, body weight, waist hip- circumference, level of triglyceride, insulin level, with IGFBP-3 levels). This proves causality (i.e. cause and effect) relationship between variables. The researchers have also proved the internal validity of findings by drawing statistical difference between control and study group and hence could be practiced in psychiatric settings. In case of external validity, the validity that inferences about the relationships observed over the variations in settings, individuals, and study-time or measu re outcomes has to be accounted (Houser, 2011). In this study, they have proved their external validity by conducting the study in the same hospital, individuals with same diagnosis and measure outcomes. Only the duration of study is lengthy by is unavoidable to get sufficient number of patients. Hence, the study is of externally valid and could be applied in similar settings. Yet, future studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of intervention/exposure in other settings. Statistical analysis According to LoBiondo-Wood (2014), statistical analysis is the process of organization as well as analysis of collected data using statistical methods such as descriptive and/or inferential analysis. Descriptive statistics that involves describing and summarizing data and inferential statistics that involves drawing inferences between variables were employed in this study which is highly appropriate (NewCombe, 2012). The researchers have performed a detailed analysis of the data collected based on their objectives by testing hypothesis. They have used tables to show the difference between control (N=25) and study group (N=28) regarding anthropometric measurements, metabolic hormonal and growth factor data at baseline, 3rd and 6th months for schizophrenia in-patients treated with clozapine which is adequate (Tappen, 2010). They have collected and analyzed only the clinical data but not the demographic data. Demographic data is highly important to understand the physical characteristics of the patient. It could be better if they could have included demographic data in calculation and could have associated it with the comparative findings. The anthropometric measurements such as weight, BMI, waist- hip-circumference with waist- to -hip ratio, as well as fat percentage related to weight of both the study and control groups doesnt differ significantly and hence the demographic characteristics of both the groups are similar, thus reducing participant bias. Moreover, the mean fat% among men in study group was 30.94.8 and in control group was 30.05.1 whereas among women of study group, it was 43.610.7 and in controls of 41.45.7, which shows that the fat% is similar in both groups, thus minimizing participant bias. But, if the overweight classification of WHO is considered (0.85 for women and 1.0 for men), on ly the female participants in this study could be considered to have central obesity which may alter the comparison of data between both groups. The comparative analysis of anthropometric, blood samples, metabolic and enzyme analysis at baseline, 3rd and 6th months between groups is highly adequate; though difficult particularly using variance with covariance analysis (ANCOVA) along with SPSS (statistical- softwares 10.0 version); based on general linear-type model. They have not given any statement about the acceptance or rejection of research/null hypothesis except mentioning about statistical significance. They could have included hypothesis statement in introduction as well as analysis, which is crucial for a quantitative study. Overall, their selection of appropriate samples by considering their anthropometrics and their method of calculation and comparisons at varied levels (baseline, 3rd 6th-month) and method of discussion is adequate except few issues. Findings, study-discussions, conclusions with recommendations Discussion of results and recommendations are an integral part of a research study (Moule, 2013). They have discussed each and every finding to show the usefulness of their intervention/exposure based on their objectives. They have showed a signification reduction in anthropometric measures and metabolic parameters except growth factor as a benefit of their intervention in study group. They could have included cardiovascular components in their study as they are much concerned about cardiac risks. They have discussed their strengths and weaknesses but they have not mentioned anywhere about validity and reliability of study measurements particularly blood and metabolic parameters. The conclusion of a study should clearly summarize and derive the study-findings as well as establish the importance of the findings (Pilot, 2016). They have followed all the principles of conclusion by stating about their findings with its importance. Their mention about the applicability of their intervention/exposure in reducing the metabolic and anthropometric parameters, normalizing some metabolic abnormalities, reducing hormonal disorders and attenuation of few neuroleptic adverse effects that includes sedation with reduced day-to-day activities is adequate. They recommend walking to all clozapine-treated schizophrenic patients to avoid obesity and in-turn cardiac complications; which are inexpensive. It could also be done alone or with no/less instructions from others. Pilot study which is small- trail run could have been conducted to rule out any alterations or additions to be done with entire research process. They have not given any recommendations for conducting similar studies in other psychiatric settings or with alterations in interventions/exposure. Overall, though there are certain demerits in this study, the study-results will definitely serve as a guide to the health professionals caring schizophrenic patients. It could be difficult for them to motivate schizophrenic patients to follow instructions, yet it could help them significantly to reduce weight and weight-related complications. Hence, continuous exposure/intervention of diet control along with physical activity regimen for six- months to clozapine-treated obese schizophrenic inpatients reduces the body-weight, BMI, waist- hip- circumference, triglyceride level, insulin, as well as IGFBP-3 levels. References Boswell, C. (n. d.). 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Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1439812780 Polit, D.F Beck, C.T. (2016). Nursing Research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins: New Delhi. Tappen, R.M. (2010). Advanced Nursing Research. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0763765686 THS. (2015). Epidemiology- Glossary of Epidemiological and Statistical Terminology: Tropical Health Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.tropicalhealthsolutions.com/statsglossary Yartsev, A. (2017).Advantages and disadvantages of RCT. Retrieved from https://www.derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-eading/research -methods -and-statistics/Chapter%202.0.2/advantages-and-disadvantages-randomised-control-study-design